COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH/( by maigari dalhatu bagudu).in gembu town

September 26, 2018

COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH/( by maigari dalhatu bagudu).in gembu town

INRODUCTION:

HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE:

English is destined to be in next succeeding countries more generally the language

Of the world than Latin was in the last or French in the present (john Adams, 1735-1826).

The English language has developed and spread across the world as one of most influential

Means of world communication. The rate of spatial development of English language today is such that

Would shock some of the early users of the language. Meanwhile, scholars and experts has predicted a century of total linguistic imperialism by English language such that, at turn of the 20^th century, English

Would have emerged as the strongest medium of world communication.

§ Pre- English

§ Middle English

§ Old English

The language we call English was first brought to North Sea Coast of England Sea in the 5^th and 6^th centuries A.D by sea faring people from Denmark and the north western coast, present-day Germany

And the Netherlands. The immigrant spoke a cluster of related dialects falling from/within Germanic branch of indo-European Language family. Their language began to develop its distinctive features in isolation from the continental Germanic languages, and by 600A.D had developed into what we call old-English or Anglo-Saxon covering the territory of the most of modern England.

However, in Nigeria English language has been viewed differently by different scholars. While others maintained that it was from 1842, other authorities opine that it was earlier than that. The posit that traces of English were found in calabar in 1700 and was brought to Nigeria primarily through christen missionary activities with church missionary society (cms) and the Catholics taking the lead. Later, the combine efforts of missionaries, the government and the private sector have all lead to the present scope of the spread of the language in Nigeria today.

According to romaine (2004) about 5000 languages are said to be spoken around the world. Yet, among all these barrage of language only very few of them have assumed international status and English language is one of them.

THE MEANING AND NATURE OF LAGUAGE:

It is nothing other than language which has made us human (pavlor, 1921). Although, language might not be all that makes us human, it’s hard to imagine being human without it (Trevor Harley 2003).

Language may mean different things to different people. So long as there are many linguistics and many experts, there will be many definition of language and many vary from one school of thought to the other. However, the following are some of the definition of language submitted by experts and linguistics alike.

Sapir (1921) defines language as a purely human and non instinctive method of communicating idea, emotions and desires by means of system of voluntarily produced symbols. Osianwo (2003) says language is human vocal noise or the arbitrary graphic representation of the noise used systematically and conventionally by members of the speech community for the purpose of communication.

Consequently, I view language as a culture, productive and creative vocal noise human beings and arbitrary which is meaning full and used in communication.

CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATION:

Although communication is not one of the criteria that biologist outlined for living organisms, indeed it. Take the case of a pregnant woman who had not seen or touched the baby before, yet the pregnant woman has a feeling while the baby reacts to external factors. For example, if the pregnant woman positions her in a way to inconvenience the baby or she wears a tight dress, the baby would protest until the woman would either remove or adjust the dress. In the alternative, the pregnancy may adjust itself. That is to show that we started communication in the womb and that “all human action takes place in “crossfire” of information”.

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COMMUNICATION?

Communication is literary defined as the act of sending information or messages from one place to another.

In other words, it can be defined as the process of exchanging of information, messages, ideas attitude felling and reactions from one person to another or from one geographical location to another in order to achieve their set up goals or objectives.

Also, several authors defined communication as a process by which a person or group shares and imparts information to one another so that each can understand one another.

Another definition from Eyre (1983) states that communication is not just the giving of information but it’s the giving of understandable information, receiving understanding messages.

Communication according to de Valenzuela (1992), as any act by which one person gives or receives from another person, information about the persons’

Needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states.

What ever definition is given regarding communication we would understand it generally a process of transferring information from one source to another. In a nutshell, it involves two way processes i.e. between two or more persons.

To say the least, communication in English is all about using English language in disseminating or passing of information from a sender (encoder) to the recipient (decoder) through a correct medium and channel.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION:

Basically, there are three (3) constituents/components of communication namely:

I. Encoder(sender)

II. Code(message)

III. Decoder(receiver)

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:

There are several types of communication but, all are embraced in two (2) types :

1. Verbal communication

2. Non-verbal communication

VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

This is divided into:

I. Oral and

II. Written

ORAL COMMUNICATION: this deals with expression of sound i. e face to face conversation, interview, meeting, public address, oral presentation, telephone call, conference and training session.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: as the implies, its involve communication by write up by putting the ideas into writing. E.g. letters, memorandum, report, minutes and press release e.g.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

This is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless or body language. Such messages can be transmitted through the use of audio-visual and (computer, magazines, posters, banners, tables, charts) e.t.c. the examples of body language include posture, facial expression, eye contact and object communication such as clothing, and hair styles or even architecture or symbols.

COMPONENT OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

1. Para linguistics

2. Tactile and.

3. Kinesics

PARA LINGUISTICS:

Is a component non verbal communication that has to do with non appropriate Scientifics study of language. E.g. “laughter”. This is termed as sound production that no grammatical expression can be analyzed to.

TACTILE:

As the name implies, it’s felt by touching.

KINESICS:

It deals with facial expression. E.g. quilting of eyes, frauding of faces and body gesture. E.t.c

THE SIX (6) ACTIVITIES AND PROCESSES OF INITIATING COMMUNITION ARE:

1. Ideation

2. Encoding

3. Transmission

4. Reception

5. Decoding

6. Feedback

SITUATION OF COMMUNICATION:

There are two (2) communication situations namely:

A. Formal

B. Informal

TOOLS OF COMMUNICATION:

· Prints media

· Electrical media and

· Non verbal (audio visual).

OGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION:

It’s as old as man. This section deals with how employers, management and employees (supporting staff) of an organization exchange messages, ideas, data and information in order to achieve the objectives of an organization.

ROUTES/DIVISIONS:

1. Vertical communication

2. Horizontal communication

3. Diagonal communication.

THE SIX (6) WAYS OF IMPROVING YOUR COMMUNICATION SKILLS:

1. Slow your speech speed

2. Be a good listener

3. Mind your body language

4. Try assertion, not aggression

5. Lighten yourself up

6. Produce, produce, produce.

COMMUNICATION GAP:

There may be occasions of in adequate information, wrong information and failure of information to reach it target and archive its objectives at the right time and place.

CAUSESOF COMMUNICATION BARRIES/FAILURE/GAP:

The following some causes of communication failure or break down among others:

I. Badly expressed messages

II. Defects or complexities in the structure

III. Psychological factors

IV. Poor communication skills.

WRITING:

“The nature and purpose of writing”.

Writing is an art that can be learnt and developed to higher levels by learners. It’s a unique form of communication. There for, when we write we are writing for a reader or target audience. We will communicate successfully only if our audience understood the massage we try to send through writing. The process of writing involves a way of thinking about and putting down ideas.

In a nutshell, writing is a type of verbal communication. It uses words unlike oral communication, it relates to sounds in to readable codes or symbols which are known as alphabets. Alphabets are laterally and vertically arranged in to phrases. Phrases are developed in to clauses, sentences, paragraph, essays, chapters, and books as seeing the diagrams below:

Books

Essays/chapters

Paragraphs

Sentences

Clauses

Phrases

Words

Sounds/alphabets/symbols.

EXPLANATION:

PHRASE: a phrase is a group of word that form part of a sentence and these not contain finite verb. However, they are sensible group of words in a sentence.

TYPES:

1. Noun phrase

2. Prepositional phrase

3. Infinite phrase

4. Practical phrase

CLAUSE: a clause is a group of words that contain a finite. It can make a complete sense because it has its own subject and predicate. E.g.

Ø He was playing

Ø He was about to go out

Ø When the rain started

TYPES OF CLAUSES:

There are two (2) types of clauses namely:

1. Independent clause

2. Dependent clause

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: this is called principal or free clause. It’s so because, it can stand on its own and expresses a complete process of thought. E.g.

Ø I saw the snake

Ø He was watching the football match.

Ø He fell down…………………….

DEPENDENT CLAUSE: this is also called subordinate or bound clause and does not express a complete idea and also can not stand on its own as full sentence. it has to be tied to the main clause in order to make full meaning e.g.

…when I was going home

…because he was running

…while it was raining

TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSE:

I. Noun clause

II. Adjectival clause

III. Adverbial clause

SENTENCE:

The word sentence is mostly regarded by linguists as largest unit of grammatical analysis. It’s the most basic unit of expression in any language and it’s a very important unit of communication by which we express human feeling or thought in written form. There are several definitions of a sentence among which:

A sentence can be defined as a maximum linguistics unit consisting expresses a complete processor though or idea (meaning).

FEATURES OF A SENTENCE:

1. Subject

2. Predicate

3. Finite verb

TYPES OF SENTENCES:

There are four (4) types of sentences. Such includes:

I. Simple sentence: this contains only one finite verb and one independent clause. E.g.

a) Children like playing games

b) The boys always fight

c) The school has been shutdown

II. Complex sentence: it contains one main clause or one simple sentence and followed by one or more subordinate or dependent clause. E.g.

a) He left school/when his sister diet/because of lack of money.

b) He was made/when he saw him/because of his father’s assassination.

c) The lecturers went on strike/in order to get their problems solved.

III. Compound sentence: this type of sentence contains two clauses and are joined by coordinating conjunction such as and, or, but e.t.c. E.g.

a) I call him but he refused to answer

b) He was reading and they are writing

c) Give him his books or I report you to the teacher

d) She slaps her daughter because of her bad attitude.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:

It usually contains at least one or more clauses and at least one or more subordinate clauses. E.g.

a) While examination was going on, he was caught cheating, and he was eventually, expelled from school.

b) I kept the food for you and because you didn’t come I gave it to somebody else.

c) The man is poor due to his laziness so he can’t feed his family and carter for his children.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE:

A question is meant to elicit response. When a sentence is interrogative mood, the listener is expected to answer.

Questions however, are of three kinds viz; wh questions are questions that begin with what, where, when, whose, who, which, how e.t.c.

Tag questions, also called that question or appendage guest ions are simply catch words or appendages that are made to follow statements. E.g.

a) You are the one that stole my money, aren’t you?

b) You are not the one that stole my money, are you?

COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH:

Its human to make err, is part of human nature. On this note we can say that, error in use of language is universal. This is because any where language is used as a first language or second language thinks like errors, mistakes, slips of tongue and else starts are bound. E.g.

a) He is a mathematics teacher(correct)

b) He is an mathematics teacher(wrong)

c) She is an English teacher(wrong)

d) She is a teacher in English(correct)

WHEN IS WRITING GOOD:

a. Inform

b. Educate

c. Indie

d. Persuade

e. Incite

f. Remind

g. Protest

h. Oppose

i. Expose

j. Motivate

k. Record e.t.c

ESSENTIAL OF GOOD WRITING:

There are six C^s of writing:

i. Clarity

ii. Conciseness

iii. Coherence

iv. Consideration

v. Correctness

vi. Consistency

LETTER WRITING:

It’s a type of verbal communication that has to do with formal and informal i.e. with and without guiding principles.

However, several scholars defined letter writing via:

Richard nordquist defined it as exchange of written or printed communications.

Jacques Barzun, the energies of art (vintage, 1962), described “letter” a hard copy or snail mail, letter writing is often distinguish from forms of computer mediated (cmc) such as email and faxing. Therefore, the elements of letter writing are:

i. Address (es)

ii. Solution

iii. Title or not

iv. Body

v. Conclusion.

TYPES OF LETTER WRITING:

There are two (2) types of letter writing via:

i. Formal

ii. Informal

FORMAL LETTER:

This refers to a business letter(s) e.g. application letter,(release, request, sponsor, employment) e.t.c.

INFORMAL LETTER:

It’s a type of letter writing which involves letter to parents, friends, relatives and well wishers e.t.c.

MINUTES OF MEETING:

Minutes are plural in form as in collective nouns, but, it refers to complete documents of meeting. Indeed, it’s the responsibility of the “secretary” of an organization to take minutes of meeting.

TYPES OF MINUTES:

i. Resolution

ii. Personal

iii. Narrative

iv. Action minutes

v. Composite minutes

MINUTES LAYOUT:

Ø Attendance

Ø Opening

Ø Minutes of the previous meeting

Ø Matters arising from previous meeting

Ø New issues

Ø Date time and place of next meeting

Ø Adjournment

Ø Signatures of chairman and secretary.

QUALITIES OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL SECRETARY:

A secretary of an organization must have the following qualities:

i. Versed language use

ii. Mentally settled

iii. Highly organized

iv. Good listener

v. Very intelligent and

vi. Punctual

REPORT WRITING:

Reporting here simply means feedback i.e. the number stage of communication. However, a report may be formal or informal piece of writing. It’s orderly or logically and carefully organized piece of writing.

Fakuade (1996) sees a report as an act of evaluating the result of work of a record of sequence of events.

Dayo soola (modern business communication) planned a systematic account in which a given problem is examined, procedures stated, analytically presented and recommendations are made to facilitate decision making.

EPORT: TYPES OF R

Basically, there are three types of report namely:

i. Evaluate report

ii. Problem- solving report

iii. Analytic report.

ESSENTIALS OF A REPORT:

a) Factual

b) Complete

c) Unified

d) Consistency

e) Sequentially

f) Orderly

g) Clarity

h) Intelligence

i) Timeliness

j) Grammatical accuracy

PARTS OF A REPORT:

There seven (7) parts of a report as follows:

i. Conversation and appendages

ii. Introduction

iii. Terms and reference

iv. Body

v. Conclusion

vi. Recommendation.

MEMORANDUM:

It drives it name from the word “memo” meaning to remind.

Therefore, a memo is the type of correspondence that goes head of organization to employees or between officials of an organization.

In a nutshell, a memo is:

· A hard copy (sent on paper) document.

· Used for communicating inside a organization

· Usually short

· Contains to, date, subject, heading, and message sections

· Does not need to be signed, but sometimes has sender’s name at the bottom to be more friendly, or the sender’s full name to be more formal.

N/B:

A memorandum simply means what should be put in “mind”.

ELEMENTS OF A MEMO:

1. Layout

2. Content

3. Style

4. Language.

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS:

Audio visual aids fall into the class of non verbal communication. The words audio visual came from Latin words and means “hearing and seeing” respectively .i.e. it’s usually done in words and action or both.

According to extortionists the term audio visual aids refer to anything that an extension agent uses to convey the message when communicating or disseminating messages to his clienteles or target group(farmers).

TYPES:

ü Tables

ü Charts

ü Graphs

ü Pictures

ü Maps

ü Pictogram

ü Sign/symbols

ü Statistical data

ü Tape recording

ü Slides

ü Projectors

ü Video tapes and

ü Video disc.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Head

2. Electronic devices(Radio, TV-channel and computers)

PURPOSE OF USING AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:

1. Make complex ideas simple and vivid

2. Reduce presentation

3. Provide additional interest or amusement.

FACTORS THAT GUIDE CHOICE OF AUDIO_VISUAL AIDS:

The following are factors which guide the choice of audio-visual aids:

1. Purpose

2. Target

3. Life span (Duration).

SOUNDS IN ENGLISH:

Basically, there are two (2) types of sound in “English language” namely:

1) Vowel sound and

2) Consonant sound

Indeed, there are twenty-six (26) Alphabets in English i. e. A-Z.

THE VOWEL SOUND:

There are five (5) alphabets that made up the vowel sound namely:

a e i o u

THE CONSONANT SOUUND:

Whereas, the remaining twenty one made up the consonant sound. These are:

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z.

Consequently, it’s from these alphabets (26) that all the sounds are created and are created hence, the sounds form words, phrases, clauses, sentences, essays, chapters and books.

INRODUCTION:

HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE:

English is destined to be in next succeeding countries more generally the language

Of the world than Latin was in the last or French in the present (john Adams, 1735-1826).

The English language has developed and spread across the world as one of most influential

Means of world communication. The rate of spatial development of English language today is such that

Would have emerged as the strongest medium of world communication.

§ Pre- English

§ Middle English

§ Old English

THE MEANING AND NATURE OF LAGUAGE:

Consequently, I view language as a culture, productive and creative vocal noise human beings and arbitrary which is meaning full and used in communication.

CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATION:

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COMMUNICATION?

Communication is literary defined as the act of sending information or messages from one place to another.

Also, several authors defined communication as a process by which a person or group shares and imparts information to one another so that each can understand one another.

Another definition from Eyre (1983) states that communication is not just the giving of information but it’s the giving of understandable information, receiving understanding messages.

Communication according to de Valenzuela (1992), as any act by which one person gives or receives from another person, information about the persons’

Needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION:

Basically, there are three (3) constituents/components of communication namely:

I. Encoder(sender)

II. Code(message)

III. Decoder(receiver)

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:

There are several types of communication but, all are embraced in two (2) types :

1. Verbal communication

2. Non-verbal communication

VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

This is divided into:

I. Oral and

II. Written

ORAL COMMUNICATION: this deals with expression of sound i. e face to face conversation, interview, meeting, public address, oral presentation, telephone call, conference and training session.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: as the implies, its involve communication by write up by putting the ideas into writing. E.g. letters, memorandum, report, minutes and press release e.g.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

COMPONENT OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

1. Para linguistics

2. Tactile and.

3. Kinesics

PARA LINGUISTICS:

TACTILE:

As the name implies, it’s felt by touching.

KINESICS:

It deals with facial expression. E.g. quilting of eyes, frauding of faces and body gesture. E.t.c

THE SIX (6) ACTIVITIES AND PROCESSES OF INITIATING COMMUNITION ARE:

1. Ideation

2. Encoding

3. Transmission

4. Reception

5. Decoding

6. Feedback

SITUATION OF COMMUNICATION:

There are two (2) communication situations namely:

A. Formal

B. Informal

TOOLS OF COMMUNICATION:

· Prints media

· Electrical media and

· Non verbal (audio visual).

OGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION:

ROUTES/DIVISIONS:

1. Vertical communication

2. Horizontal communication

3. Diagonal communication.

THE SIX (6) WAYS OF IMPROVING YOUR COMMUNICATION SKILLS:

1. Slow your speech speed

2. Be a good listener

3. Mind your body language

4. Try assertion, not aggression

5. Lighten yourself up

6. Produce, produce, produce.

COMMUNICATION GAP:

There may be occasions of in adequate information, wrong information and failure of information to reach it target and archive its objectives at the right time and place.

CAUSESOF COMMUNICATION BARRIES/FAILURE/GAP:

The following some causes of communication failure or break down among others:

I. Badly expressed messages

II. Defects or complexities in the structure

III. Psychological factors

IV. Poor communication skills.

WRITING:

“The nature and purpose of writing”.

Books

Essays/chapters

Paragraphs

Sentences

Clauses

Phrases

Words

Sounds/alphabets/symbols.

EXPLANATION:

PHRASE: a phrase is a group of word that form part of a sentence and these not contain finite verb. However, they are sensible group of words in a sentence.

TYPES:

1. Noun phrase

2. Prepositional phrase

3. Infinite phrase

4. Practical phrase

CLAUSE: a clause is a group of words that contain a finite. It can make a complete sense because it has its own subject and predicate. E.g.

Ø He was playing

Ø He was about to go out

Ø When the rain started

TYPES OF CLAUSES:

There are two (2) types of clauses namely:

1. Independent clause

2. Dependent clause

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: this is called principal or free clause. It’s so because, it can stand on its own and expresses a complete process of thought. E.g.

Ø I saw the snake

Ø He was watching the football match.

Ø He fell down…………………….

…when I was going home

…because he was running

…while it was raining

TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSE:

I. Noun clause

II. Adjectival clause

III. Adverbial clause

SENTENCE:

A sentence can be defined as a maximum linguistics unit consisting expresses a complete processor though or idea (meaning).

FEATURES OF A SENTENCE:

1. Subject

2. Predicate

3. Finite verb

TYPES OF SENTENCES:

There are four (4) types of sentences. Such includes:

I. Simple sentence: this contains only one finite verb and one independent clause. E.g.

a) Children like playing games

b) The boys always fight

c) The school has been shutdown

II. Complex sentence: it contains one main clause or one simple sentence and followed by one or more subordinate or dependent clause. E.g.

a) He left school/when his sister diet/because of lack of money.

b) He was made/when he saw him/because of his father’s assassination.

c) The lecturers went on strike/in order to get their problems solved.

III. Compound sentence: this type of sentence contains two clauses and are joined by coordinating conjunction such as and, or, but e.t.c. E.g.

a) I call him but he refused to answer

b) He was reading and they are writing

c) Give him his books or I report you to the teacher

d) She slaps her daughter because of her bad attitude.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:

It usually contains at least one or more clauses and at least one or more subordinate clauses. E.g.

a) While examination was going on, he was caught cheating, and he was eventually, expelled from school.

b) I kept the food for you and because you didn’t come I gave it to somebody else.

c) The man is poor due to his laziness so he can’t feed his family and carter for his children.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE:

A question is meant to elicit response. When a sentence is interrogative mood, the listener is expected to answer.

Questions however, are of three kinds viz; wh questions are questions that begin with what, where, when, whose, who, which, how e.t.c.

Tag questions, also called that question or appendage guest ions are simply catch words or appendages that are made to follow statements. E.g.

a) You are the one that stole my money, aren’t you?

b) You are not the one that stole my money, are you?

COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH:

a) He is a mathematics teacher(correct)

b) He is an mathematics teacher(wrong)

c) She is an English teacher(wrong)

d) She is a teacher in English(correct)

WHEN IS WRITING GOOD:

a. Inform

b. Educate

c. Indie

d. Persuade

e. Incite

f. Remind

g. Protest

h. Oppose

i. Expose

j. Motivate

k. Record e.t.c

ESSENTIAL OF GOOD WRITING:

There are six C^s of writing:

i. Clarity

ii. Conciseness

iii. Coherence

iv. Consideration

v. Correctness

vi. Consistency

LETTER WRITING:

It’s a type of verbal communication that has to do with formal and informal i.e. with and without guiding principles.

However, several scholars defined letter writing via:

Richard nordquist defined it as exchange of written or printed communications.

i. Address (es)

ii. Solution

iii. Title or not

iv. Body

v. Conclusion.

TYPES OF LETTER WRITING:

There are two (2) types of letter writing via:

i. Formal

ii. Informal

FORMAL LETTER:

This refers to a business letter(s) e.g. application letter,(release, request, sponsor, employment) e.t.c.

INFORMAL LETTER:

It’s a type of letter writing which involves letter to parents, friends, relatives and well wishers e.t.c.

MINUTES OF MEETING:

TYPES OF MINUTES:

i. Resolution

ii. Personal

iii. Narrative

iv. Action minutes

v. Composite minutes

MINUTES LAYOUT:

Ø Attendance

Ø Opening

Ø Minutes of the previous meeting

Ø Matters arising from previous meeting

Ø New issues

Ø Date time and place of next meeting

Ø Adjournment

Ø Signatures of chairman and secretary.

QUALITIES OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL SECRETARY:

A secretary of an organization must have the following qualities:

i. Versed language use

ii. Mentally settled

iii. Highly organized

iv. Good listener

v. Very intelligent and

vi. Punctual

REPORT WRITING:

Fakuade (1996) sees a report as an act of evaluating the result of work of a record of sequence of events.

EPORT: TYPES OF R

Basically, there are three types of report namely:

i. Evaluate report

ii. Problem- solving report

iii. Analytic report.

ESSENTIALS OF A REPORT:

a) Factual

b) Complete

c) Unified

d) Consistency

e) Sequentially

f) Orderly

g) Clarity

h) Intelligence

i) Timeliness

j) Grammatical accuracy

PARTS OF A REPORT:

There seven (7) parts of a report as follows:

i. Conversation and appendages

ii. Introduction

iii. Terms and reference

iv. Body

v. Conclusion

vi. Recommendation.

MEMORANDUM:

It drives it name from the word “memo” meaning to remind.

Therefore, a memo is the type of correspondence that goes head of organization to employees or between officials of an organization.

In a nutshell, a memo is:

· A hard copy (sent on paper) document.

· Used for communicating inside a organization

· Usually short

· Contains to, date, subject, heading, and message sections

· Does not need to be signed, but sometimes has sender’s name at the bottom to be more friendly, or the sender’s full name to be more formal.

N/B:

A memorandum simply means what should be put in “mind”.

ELEMENTS OF A MEMO:

1. Layout

2. Content

3. Style

4. Language.

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS:

TYPES:

ü Tables

ü Charts

ü Graphs

ü Pictures

ü Maps

ü Pictogram

ü Sign/symbols

ü Statistical data

ü Tape recording

ü Slides

ü Projectors

ü Video tapes and

ü Video disc.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Head

2. Electronic devices(Radio, TV-channel and computers)

PURPOSE OF USING AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:

1. Make complex ideas simple and vivid

2. Reduce presentation

3. Provide additional interest or amusement.

FACTORS THAT GUIDE CHOICE OF AUDIO_VISUAL AIDS:

The following are factors which guide the choice of audio-visual aids:

1. Purpose

2. Target

3. Life span (Duration).

SOUNDS IN ENGLISH:

Basically, there are two (2) types of sound in “English language” namely:

1) Vowel sound and

2) Consonant sound

Indeed, there are twenty-six (26) Alphabets in English i. e. A-Z.

THE VOWEL SOUND:

There are five (5) alphabets that made up the vowel sound namely:

a e i o u

THE CONSONANT SOUUND:

Whereas, the remaining twenty one made up the consonant sound. These are:

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z.

Consequently, it’s from these alphabets (26) that all the sounds are created and are created hence, the sounds form words, phrases, clauses, sentences, essays, chapters and books.

INRODUCTION:

HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE:

English is destined to be in next succeeding countries more generally the language

Of the world than Latin was in the last or French in the present (john Adams, 1735-1826).

The English language has developed and spread across the world as one of most influential

Means of world communication. The rate of spatial development of English language today is such that

Would have emerged as the strongest medium of world communication.

§ Pre- English

§ Middle English

§ Old English

THE MEANING AND NATURE OF LAGUAGE:

Consequently, I view language as a culture, productive and creative vocal noise human beings and arbitrary which is meaning full and used in communication.

CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATION:

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COMMUNICATION?

Communication is literary defined as the act of sending information or messages from one place to another.

Also, several authors defined communication as a process by which a person or group shares and imparts information to one another so that each can understand one another.

Another definition from Eyre (1983) states that communication is not just the giving of information but it’s the giving of understandable information, receiving understanding messages.

Communication according to de Valenzuela (1992), as any act by which one person gives or receives from another person, information about the persons’

Needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION:

Basically, there are three (3) constituents/components of communication namely:

I. Encoder(sender)

II. Code(message)

III. Decoder(receiver)

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:

There are several types of communication but, all are embraced in two (2) types :

1. Verbal communication

2. Non-verbal communication

VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

This is divided into:

I. Oral and

II. Written

ORAL COMMUNICATION: this deals with expression of sound i. e face to face conversation, interview, meeting, public address, oral presentation, telephone call, conference and training session.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: as the implies, its involve communication by write up by putting the ideas into writing. E.g. letters, memorandum, report, minutes and press release e.g.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

COMPONENT OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

1. Para linguistics

2. Tactile and.

3. Kinesics

PARA LINGUISTICS:

TACTILE:

As the name implies, it’s felt by touching.

KINESICS:

It deals with facial expression. E.g. quilting of eyes, frauding of faces and body gesture. E.t.c

THE SIX (6) ACTIVITIES AND PROCESSES OF INITIATING COMMUNITION ARE:

1. Ideation

2. Encoding

3. Transmission

4. Reception

5. Decoding

6. Feedback

SITUATION OF COMMUNICATION:

There are two (2) communication situations namely:

A. Formal

B. Informal

TOOLS OF COMMUNICATION:

· Prints media

· Electrical media and

· Non verbal (audio visual).

OGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION:

ROUTES/DIVISIONS:

1. Vertical communication

2. Horizontal communication

3. Diagonal communication.

THE SIX (6) WAYS OF IMPROVING YOUR COMMUNICATION SKILLS:

1. Slow your speech speed

2. Be a good listener

3. Mind your body language

4. Try assertion, not aggression

5. Lighten yourself up

6. Produce, produce, produce.

COMMUNICATION GAP:

There may be occasions of in adequate information, wrong information and failure of information to reach it target and archive its objectives at the right time and place.

CAUSESOF COMMUNICATION BARRIES/FAILURE/GAP:

The following some causes of communication failure or break down among others:

I. Badly expressed messages

II. Defects or complexities in the structure

III. Psychological factors

IV. Poor communication skills.

WRITING:

“The nature and purpose of writing”.

Books

Essays/chapters

Paragraphs

Sentences

Clauses

Phrases

Words

Sounds/alphabets/symbols.

EXPLANATION:

PHRASE: a phrase is a group of word that form part of a sentence and these not contain finite verb. However, they are sensible group of words in a sentence.

TYPES:

1. Noun phrase

2. Prepositional phrase

3. Infinite phrase

4. Practical phrase

CLAUSE: a clause is a group of words that contain a finite. It can make a complete sense because it has its own subject and predicate. E.g.

Ø He was playing

Ø He was about to go out

Ø When the rain started

TYPES OF CLAUSES:

There are two (2) types of clauses namely:

1. Independent clause

2. Dependent clause

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: this is called principal or free clause. It’s so because, it can stand on its own and expresses a complete process of thought. E.g.

Ø I saw the snake

Ø He was watching the football match.

Ø He fell down…………………….

…when I was going home

…because he was running

…while it was raining

TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSE:

I. Noun clause

II. Adjectival clause

III. Adverbial clause

SENTENCE:

A sentence can be defined as a maximum linguistics unit consisting expresses a complete processor though or idea (meaning).

FEATURES OF A SENTENCE:

1. Subject

2. Predicate

3. Finite verb

TYPES OF SENTENCES:

There are four (4) types of sentences. Such includes:

I. Simple sentence: this contains only one finite verb and one independent clause. E.g.

a) Children like playing games

b) The boys always fight

c) The school has been shutdown

II. Complex sentence: it contains one main clause or one simple sentence and followed by one or more subordinate or dependent clause. E.g.

a) He left school/when his sister diet/because of lack of money.

b) He was made/when he saw him/because of his father’s assassination.

c) The lecturers went on strike/in order to get their problems solved.

III. Compound sentence: this type of sentence contains two clauses and are joined by coordinating conjunction such as and, or, but e.t.c. E.g.

a) I call him but he refused to answer

b) He was reading and they are writing

c) Give him his books or I report you to the teacher

d) She slaps her daughter because of her bad attitude.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:

It usually contains at least one or more clauses and at least one or more subordinate clauses. E.g.

a) While examination was going on, he was caught cheating, and he was eventually, expelled from school.

b) I kept the food for you and because you didn’t come I gave it to somebody else.

c) The man is poor due to his laziness so he can’t feed his family and carter for his children.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE:

A question is meant to elicit response. When a sentence is interrogative mood, the listener is expected to answer.

Questions however, are of three kinds viz; wh questions are questions that begin with what, where, when, whose, who, which, how e.t.c.

Tag questions, also called that question or appendage guest ions are simply catch words or appendages that are made to follow statements. E.g.

a) You are the one that stole my money, aren’t you?

b) You are not the one that stole my money, are you?

COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH:

a) He is a mathematics teacher(correct)

b) He is an mathematics teacher(wrong)

c) She is an English teacher(wrong)

d) She is a teacher in English(correct)

WHEN IS WRITING GOOD:

a. Inform

b. Educate

c. Indie

d. Persuade

e. Incite

f. Remind

g. Protest

h. Oppose

i. Expose

j. Motivate

k. Record e.t.c

ESSENTIAL OF GOOD WRITING:

There are six C^s of writing:

i. Clarity

ii. Conciseness

iii. Coherence

iv. Consideration

v. Correctness

vi. Consistency

LETTER WRITING:

It’s a type of verbal communication that has to do with formal and informal i.e. with and without guiding principles.

However, several scholars defined letter writing via:

Richard nordquist defined it as exchange of written or printed communications.

i. Address (es)

ii. Solution

iii. Title or not

iv. Body

v. Conclusion.

TYPES OF LETTER WRITING:

There are two (2) types of letter writing via:

i. Formal

ii. Informal

FORMAL LETTER:

This refers to a business letter(s) e.g. application letter,(release, request, sponsor, employment) e.t.c.

INFORMAL LETTER:

It’s a type of letter writing which involves letter to parents, friends, relatives and well wishers e.t.c.

MINUTES OF MEETING:

TYPES OF MINUTES:

i. Resolution

ii. Personal

iii. Narrative

iv. Action minutes

v. Composite minutes

MINUTES LAYOUT:

Ø Attendance

Ø Opening

Ø Minutes of the previous meeting

Ø Matters arising from previous meeting

Ø New issues

Ø Date time and place of next meeting

Ø Adjournment

Ø Signatures of chairman and secretary.

QUALITIES OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL SECRETARY:

A secretary of an organization must have the following qualities:

i. Versed language use

ii. Mentally settled

iii. Highly organized

iv. Good listener

v. Very intelligent and

vi. Punctual

REPORT WRITING:

Fakuade (1996) sees a report as an act of evaluating the result of work of a record of sequence of events.

EPORT: TYPES OF R

Basically, there are three types of report namely:

i. Evaluate report

ii. Problem- solving report

iii. Analytic report.

ESSENTIALS OF A REPORT:

a) Factual

b) Complete

c) Unified

d) Consistency

e) Sequentially

f) Orderly

g) Clarity

h) Intelligence

i) Timeliness

j) Grammatical accuracy

PARTS OF A REPORT:

There seven (7) parts of a report as follows:

i. Conversation and appendages

ii. Introduction

iii. Terms and reference

iv. Body

v. Conclusion

vi. Recommendation.

MEMORANDUM:

It drives it name from the word “memo” meaning to remind.

Therefore, a memo is the type of correspondence that goes head of organization to employees or between officials of an organization.

In a nutshell, a memo is:

· A hard copy (sent on paper) document.

· Used for communicating inside a organization

· Usually short

· Contains to, date, subject, heading, and message sections

· Does not need to be signed, but sometimes has sender’s name at the bottom to be more friendly, or the sender’s full name to be more formal.

N/B:

A memorandum simply means what should be put in “mind”.

ELEMENTS OF A MEMO:

1. Layout

2. Content

3. Style

4. Language.

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS:

TYPES:

ü Tables

ü Charts

ü Graphs

ü Pictures

ü Maps

ü Pictogram

ü Sign/symbols

ü Statistical data

ü Tape recording

ü Slides

ü Projectors

ü Video tapes and

ü Video disc.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Head

2. Electronic devices(Radio, TV-channel and computers)

PURPOSE OF USING AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:

1. Make complex ideas simple and vivid

2. Reduce presentation

3. Provide additional interest or amusement.

FACTORS THAT GUIDE CHOICE OF AUDIO_VISUAL AIDS:

The following are factors which guide the choice of audio-visual aids:

1. Purpose

2. Target

3. Life span (Duration).

SOUNDS IN ENGLISH:

Basically, there are two (2) types of sound in “English language” namely:

1) Vowel sound and

2) Consonant sound

Indeed, there are twenty-six (26) Alphabets in English i. e. A-Z.

THE VOWEL SOUND:

There are five (5) alphabets that made up the vowel sound namely:

a e i o u

THE CONSONANT SOUUND:

Whereas, the remaining twenty one made up the consonant sound. These are:

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z.

Consequently, it’s from these alphabets (26) that all the sounds are created and are created hence, the sounds form words, phrases, clauses, sentences, essays, chapters and books.

INRODUCTION:

HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE:

English is destined to be in next succeeding countries more generally the language

Of the world than Latin was in the last or French in the present (john Adams, 1735-1826).

The English language has developed and spread across the world as one of most influential

Means of world communication. The rate of spatial development of English language today is such that

Would have emerged as the strongest medium of world communication.

§ Pre- English

§ Middle English

§ Old English

THE MEANING AND NATURE OF LAGUAGE:

Consequently, I view language as a culture, productive and creative vocal noise human beings and arbitrary which is meaning full and used in communication.

CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATION:

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COMMUNICATION?

Communication is literary defined as the act of sending information or messages from one place to another.

Also, several authors defined communication as a process by which a person or group shares and imparts information to one another so that each can understand one another.

Another definition from Eyre (1983) states that communication is not just the giving of information but it’s the giving of understandable information, receiving understanding messages.

Communication according to de Valenzuela (1992), as any act by which one person gives or receives from another person, information about the persons’

Needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION:

Basically, there are three (3) constituents/components of communication namely:

I. Encoder(sender)

II. Code(message)

III. Decoder(receiver)

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:

There are several types of communication but, all are embraced in two (2) types :

1. Verbal communication

2. Non-verbal communication

VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

This is divided into:

I. Oral and

II. Written

ORAL COMMUNICATION: this deals with expression of sound i. e face to face conversation, interview, meeting, public address, oral presentation, telephone call, conference and training session.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: as the implies, its involve communication by write up by putting the ideas into writing. E.g. letters, memorandum, report, minutes and press release e.g.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

COMPONENT OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

1. Para linguistics

2. Tactile and.

3. Kinesics

PARA LINGUISTICS:

TACTILE:

As the name implies, it’s felt by touching.

KINESICS:

It deals with facial expression. E.g. quilting of eyes, frauding of faces and body gesture. E.t.c

THE SIX (6) ACTIVITIES AND PROCESSES OF INITIATING COMMUNITION ARE:

1. Ideation

2. Encoding

3. Transmission

4. Reception

5. Decoding

6. Feedback

SITUATION OF COMMUNICATION:

There are two (2) communication situations namely:

A. Formal

B. Informal

TOOLS OF COMMUNICATION:

· Prints media

· Electrical media and

· Non verbal (audio visual).

OGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION:

ROUTES/DIVISIONS:

1. Vertical communication

2. Horizontal communication

3. Diagonal communication.

THE SIX (6) WAYS OF IMPROVING YOUR COMMUNICATION SKILLS:

1. Slow your speech speed

2. Be a good listener

3. Mind your body language

4. Try assertion, not aggression

5. Lighten yourself up

6. Produce, produce, produce.

COMMUNICATION GAP:

There may be occasions of in adequate information, wrong information and failure of information to reach it target and archive its objectives at the right time and place.

CAUSESOF COMMUNICATION BARRIES/FAILURE/GAP:

The following some causes of communication failure or break down among others:

I. Badly expressed messages

II. Defects or complexities in the structure

III. Psychological factors

IV. Poor communication skills.

WRITING:

“The nature and purpose of writing”.

Books

Essays/chapters

Paragraphs

Sentences

Clauses

Phrases

Words

Sounds/alphabets/symbols.

EXPLANATION:

PHRASE: a phrase is a group of word that form part of a sentence and these not contain finite verb. However, they are sensible group of words in a sentence.

TYPES:

1. Noun phrase

2. Prepositional phrase

3. Infinite phrase

4. Practical phrase

CLAUSE: a clause is a group of words that contain a finite. It can make a complete sense because it has its own subject and predicate. E.g.

Ø He was playing

Ø He was about to go out

Ø When the rain started

TYPES OF CLAUSES:

There are two (2) types of clauses namely:

1. Independent clause

2. Dependent clause

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: this is called principal or free clause. It’s so because, it can stand on its own and expresses a complete process of thought. E.g.

Ø I saw the snake

Ø He was watching the football match.

Ø He fell down…………………….

…when I was going home

…because he was running

…while it was raining

TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSE:

I. Noun clause

II. Adjectival clause

III. Adverbial clause

SENTENCE:

A sentence can be defined as a maximum linguistics unit consisting expresses a complete processor though or idea (meaning).

FEATURES OF A SENTENCE:

1. Subject

2. Predicate

3. Finite verb

TYPES OF SENTENCES:

There are four (4) types of sentences. Such includes:

I. Simple sentence: this contains only one finite verb and one independent clause. E.g.

a) Children like playing games

b) The boys always fight

c) The school has been shutdown

II. Complex sentence: it contains one main clause or one simple sentence and followed by one or more subordinate or dependent clause. E.g.

a) He left school/when his sister diet/because of lack of money.

b) He was made/when he saw him/because of his father’s assassination.

c) The lecturers went on strike/in order to get their problems solved.

III. Compound sentence: this type of sentence contains two clauses and are joined by coordinating conjunction such as and, or, but e.t.c. E.g.

a) I call him but he refused to answer

b) He was reading and they are writing

c) Give him his books or I report you to the teacher

d) She slaps her daughter because of her bad attitude.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:

It usually contains at least one or more clauses and at least one or more subordinate clauses. E.g.

a) While examination was going on, he was caught cheating, and he was eventually, expelled from school.

b) I kept the food for you and because you didn’t come I gave it to somebody else.

c) The man is poor due to his laziness so he can’t feed his family and carter for his children.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE:

A question is meant to elicit response. When a sentence is interrogative mood, the listener is expected to answer.

Questions however, are of three kinds viz; wh questions are questions that begin with what, where, when, whose, who, which, how e.t.c.

Tag questions, also called that question or appendage guest ions are simply catch words or appendages that are made to follow statements. E.g.

a) You are the one that stole my money, aren’t you?

b) You are not the one that stole my money, are you?

COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH:

a) He is a mathematics teacher(correct)

b) He is an mathematics teacher(wrong)

c) She is an English teacher(wrong)

d) She is a teacher in English(correct)

WHEN IS WRITING GOOD:

a. Inform

b. Educate

c. Indie

d. Persuade

e. Incite

f. Remind

g. Protest

h. Oppose

i. Expose

j. Motivate

k. Record e.t.c

ESSENTIAL OF GOOD WRITING:

There are six C^s of writing:

i. Clarity

ii. Conciseness

iii. Coherence

iv. Consideration

v. Correctness

vi. Consistency

LETTER WRITING:

It’s a type of verbal communication that has to do with formal and informal i.e. with and without guiding principles.

However, several scholars defined letter writing via:

Richard nordquist defined it as exchange of written or printed communications.

i. Address (es)

ii. Solution

iii. Title or not

iv. Body

v. Conclusion.

TYPES OF LETTER WRITING:

There are two (2) types of letter writing via:

i. Formal

ii. Informal

FORMAL LETTER:

This refers to a business letter(s) e.g. application letter,(release, request, sponsor, employment) e.t.c.

INFORMAL LETTER:

It’s a type of letter writing which involves letter to parents, friends, relatives and well wishers e.t.c.

MINUTES OF MEETING:

TYPES OF MINUTES:

i. Resolution

ii. Personal

iii. Narrative

iv. Action minutes

v. Composite minutes

MINUTES LAYOUT:

Ø Attendance

Ø Opening

Ø Minutes of the previous meeting

Ø Matters arising from previous meeting

Ø New issues

Ø Date time and place of next meeting

Ø Adjournment

Ø Signatures of chairman and secretary.

QUALITIES OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL SECRETARY:

A secretary of an organization must have the following qualities:

i. Versed language use

ii. Mentally settled

iii. Highly organized

iv. Good listener

v. Very intelligent and

vi. Punctual

REPORT WRITING:

Fakuade (1996) sees a report as an act of evaluating the result of work of a record of sequence of events.

EPORT: TYPES OF R

Basically, there are three types of report namely:

i. Evaluate report

ii. Problem- solving report

iii. Analytic report.

ESSENTIALS OF A REPORT:

a) Factual

b) Complete

c) Unified

d) Consistency

e) Sequentially

f) Orderly

g) Clarity

h) Intelligence

i) Timeliness

j) Grammatical accuracy

PARTS OF A REPORT:

There seven (7) parts of a report as follows:

i. Conversation and appendages

ii. Introduction

iii. Terms and reference

iv. Body

v. Conclusion

vi. Recommendation.

MEMORANDUM:

It drives it name from the word “memo” meaning to remind.

Therefore, a memo is the type of correspondence that goes head of organization to employees or between officials of an organization.

In a nutshell, a memo is:

· A hard copy (sent on paper) document.

· Used for communicating inside a organization

· Usually short

· Contains to, date, subject, heading, and message sections

· Does not need to be signed, but sometimes has sender’s name at the bottom to be more friendly, or the sender’s full name to be more formal.

N/B:

A memorandum simply means what should be put in “mind”.

ELEMENTS OF A MEMO:

1. Layout

2. Content

3. Style

4. Language.

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS:

TYPES:

ü Tables

ü Charts

ü Graphs

ü Pictures

ü Maps

ü Pictogram

ü Sign/symbols

ü Statistical data

ü Tape recording

ü Slides

ü Projectors

ü Video tapes and

ü Video disc.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Head

2. Electronic devices(Radio, TV-channel and computers)

PURPOSE OF USING AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:

1. Make complex ideas simple and vivid

2. Reduce presentation

3. Provide additional interest or amusement.

FACTORS THAT GUIDE CHOICE OF AUDIO_VISUAL AIDS:

The following are factors which guide the choice of audio-visual aids:

1. Purpose

2. Target

3. Life span (Duration).

SOUNDS IN ENGLISH:

Basically, there are two (2) types of sound in “English language” namely:

1) Vowel sound and

2) Consonant sound

Indeed, there are twenty-six (26) Alphabets in English i. e. A-Z.

THE VOWEL SOUND:

There are five (5) alphabets that made up the vowel sound namely:

a e i o u

THE CONSONANT SOUUND:

Whereas, the remaining twenty one made up the consonant sound. These are:

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z.

Consequently, it’s from these alphabets (26) that all the sounds are created and are created hence, the sounds form words, phrases, clauses, sentences, essays, chapters and books.

INRODUCTION:

HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE:

English is destined to be in next succeeding countries more generally the language

Of the world than Latin was in the last or French in the present (john Adams, 1735-1826).

The English language has developed and spread across the world as one of most influential

Means of world communication. The rate of spatial development of English language today is such that

Would have emerged as the strongest medium of world communication.

§ Pre- English

§ Middle English

§ Old English

THE MEANING AND NATURE OF LAGUAGE:

Consequently, I view language as a culture, productive and creative vocal noise human beings and arbitrary which is meaning full and used in communication.

CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATION:

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COMMUNICATION?

Communication is literary defined as the act of sending information or messages from one place to another.

Also, several authors defined communication as a process by which a person or group shares and imparts information to one another so that each can understand one another.

Another definition from Eyre (1983) states that communication is not just the giving of information but it’s the giving of understandable information, receiving understanding messages.

Communication according to de Valenzuela (1992), as any act by which one person gives or receives from another person, information about the persons’

Needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION:

Basically, there are three (3) constituents/components of communication namely:

I. Encoder(sender)

II. Code(message)

III. Decoder(receiver)

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:

There are several types of communication but, all are embraced in two (2) types :

1. Verbal communication

2. Non-verbal communication

VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

This is divided into:

I. Oral and

II. Written

ORAL COMMUNICATION: this deals with expression of sound i. e face to face conversation, interview, meeting, public address, oral presentation, telephone call, conference and training session.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: as the implies, its involve communication by write up by putting the ideas into writing. E.g. letters, memorandum, report, minutes and press release e.g.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

COMPONENT OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

1. Para linguistics

2. Tactile and.

3. Kinesics

PARA LINGUISTICS:

TACTILE:

As the name implies, it’s felt by touching.

KINESICS:

It deals with facial expression. E.g. quilting of eyes, frauding of faces and body gesture. E.t.c

THE SIX (6) ACTIVITIES AND PROCESSES OF INITIATING COMMUNITION ARE:

1. Ideation

2. Encoding

3. Transmission

4. Reception

5. Decoding

6. Feedback

SITUATION OF COMMUNICATION:

There are two (2) communication situations namely:

A. Formal

B. Informal

TOOLS OF COMMUNICATION:

· Prints media

· Electrical media and

· Non verbal (audio visual).

OGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION:

ROUTES/DIVISIONS:

1. Vertical communication

2. Horizontal communication

3. Diagonal communication.

THE SIX (6) WAYS OF IMPROVING YOUR COMMUNICATION SKILLS:

1. Slow your speech speed

2. Be a good listener

3. Mind your body language

4. Try assertion, not aggression

5. Lighten yourself up

6. Produce, produce, produce.

COMMUNICATION GAP:

There may be occasions of in adequate information, wrong information and failure of information to reach it target and archive its objectives at the right time and place.

CAUSESOF COMMUNICATION BARRIES/FAILURE/GAP:

The following some causes of communication failure or break down among others:

I. Badly expressed messages

II. Defects or complexities in the structure

III. Psychological factors

IV. Poor communication skills.

WRITING:

“The nature and purpose of writing”.

Books

Essays/chapters

Paragraphs

Sentences

Clauses

Phrases

Words

Sounds/alphabets/symbols.

EXPLANATION:

PHRASE: a phrase is a group of word that form part of a sentence and these not contain finite verb. However, they are sensible group of words in a sentence.

TYPES:

1. Noun phrase

2. Prepositional phrase

3. Infinite phrase

4. Practical phrase

CLAUSE: a clause is a group of words that contain a finite. It can make a complete sense because it has its own subject and predicate. E.g.

Ø He was playing

Ø He was about to go out

Ø When the rain started

TYPES OF CLAUSES:

There are two (2) types of clauses namely:

1. Independent clause

2. Dependent clause

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: this is called principal or free clause. It’s so because, it can stand on its own and expresses a complete process of thought. E.g.

Ø I saw the snake

Ø He was watching the football match.

Ø He fell down…………………….

…when I was going home

…because he was running

…while it was raining

TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSE:

I. Noun clause

II. Adjectival clause

III. Adverbial clause

SENTENCE:

A sentence can be defined as a maximum linguistics unit consisting expresses a complete processor though or idea (meaning).

FEATURES OF A SENTENCE:

1. Subject

2. Predicate

3. Finite verb

TYPES OF SENTENCES:

There are four (4) types of sentences. Such includes:

I. Simple sentence: this contains only one finite verb and one independent clause. E.g.

a) Children like playing games

b) The boys always fight

c) The school has been shutdown

II. Complex sentence: it contains one main clause or one simple sentence and followed by one or more subordinate or dependent clause. E.g.

a) He left school/when his sister diet/because of lack of money.

b) He was made/when he saw him/because of his father’s assassination.

c) The lecturers went on strike/in order to get their problems solved.

III. Compound sentence: this type of sentence contains two clauses and are joined by coordinating conjunction such as and, or, but e.t.c. E.g.

a) I call him but he refused to answer

b) He was reading and they are writing

c) Give him his books or I report you to the teacher

d) She slaps her daughter because of her bad attitude.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:

It usually contains at least one or more clauses and at least one or more subordinate clauses. E.g.

a) While examination was going on, he was caught cheating, and he was eventually, expelled from school.

b) I kept the food for you and because you didn’t come I gave it to somebody else.

c) The man is poor due to his laziness so he can’t feed his family and carter for his children.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE:

A question is meant to elicit response. When a sentence is interrogative mood, the listener is expected to answer.

Questions however, are of three kinds viz; wh questions are questions that begin with what, where, when, whose, who, which, how e.t.c.

Tag questions, also called that question or appendage guest ions are simply catch words or appendages that are made to follow statements. E.g.

a) You are the one that stole my money, aren’t you?

b) You are not the one that stole my money, are you?

COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH:

a) He is a mathematics teacher(correct)

b) He is an mathematics teacher(wrong)

c) She is an English teacher(wrong)

d) She is a teacher in English(correct)

WHEN IS WRITING GOOD:

a. Inform

b. Educate

c. Indie

d. Persuade

e. Incite

f. Remind

g. Protest

h. Oppose

i. Expose

j. Motivate

k. Record e.t.c

ESSENTIAL OF GOOD WRITING:

There are six C^s of writing:

i. Clarity

ii. Conciseness

iii. Coherence

iv. Consideration

v. Correctness

vi. Consistency

LETTER WRITING:

It’s a type of verbal communication that has to do with formal and informal i.e. with and without guiding principles.

However, several scholars defined letter writing via:

Richard nordquist defined it as exchange of written or printed communications.

i. Address (es)

ii. Solution

iii. Title or not

iv. Body

v. Conclusion.

TYPES OF LETTER WRITING:

There are two (2) types of letter writing via:

i. Formal

ii. Informal

FORMAL LETTER:

This refers to a business letter(s) e.g. application letter,(release, request, sponsor, employment) e.t.c.

INFORMAL LETTER:

It’s a type of letter writing which involves letter to parents, friends, relatives and well wishers e.t.c.

MINUTES OF MEETING:

TYPES OF MINUTES:

i. Resolution

ii. Personal

iii. Narrative

iv. Action minutes

v. Composite minutes

MINUTES LAYOUT:

Ø Attendance

Ø Opening

Ø Minutes of the previous meeting

Ø Matters arising from previous meeting

Ø New issues

Ø Date time and place of next meeting

Ø Adjournment

Ø Signatures of chairman and secretary.

QUALITIES OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL SECRETARY:

A secretary of an organization must have the following qualities:

i. Versed language use

ii. Mentally settled

iii. Highly organized

iv. Good listener

v. Very intelligent and

vi. Punctual

REPORT WRITING:

Fakuade (1996) sees a report as an act of evaluating the result of work of a record of sequence of events.

EPORT: TYPES OF R

Basically, there are three types of report namely:

i. Evaluate report

ii. Problem- solving report

iii. Analytic report.

ESSENTIALS OF A REPORT:

a) Factual

b) Complete

c) Unified

d) Consistency

e) Sequentially

f) Orderly

g) Clarity

h) Intelligence

i) Timeliness

j) Grammatical accuracy

PARTS OF A REPORT:

There seven (7) parts of a report as follows:

i. Conversation and appendages

ii. Introduction

iii. Terms and reference

iv. Body

v. Conclusion

vi. Recommendation.

MEMORANDUM:

It drives it name from the word “memo” meaning to remind.

Therefore, a memo is the type of correspondence that goes head of organization to employees or between officials of an organization.

In a nutshell, a memo is:

· A hard copy (sent on paper) document.

· Used for communicating inside a organization

· Usually short

· Contains to, date, subject, heading, and message sections

· Does not need to be signed, but sometimes has sender’s name at the bottom to be more friendly, or the sender’s full name to be more formal.

N/B:

A memorandum simply means what should be put in “mind”.

ELEMENTS OF A MEMO:

1. Layout

2. Content

3. Style

4. Language.

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS:

TYPES:

ü Tables

ü Charts

ü Graphs

ü Pictures

ü Maps

ü Pictogram

ü Sign/symbols

ü Statistical data

ü Tape recording

ü Slides

ü Projectors

ü Video tapes and

ü Video disc.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Head

2. Electronic devices(Radio, TV-channel and computers)

PURPOSE OF USING AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:

1. Make complex ideas simple and vivid

2. Reduce presentation

3. Provide additional interest or amusement.

FACTORS THAT GUIDE CHOICE OF AUDIO_VISUAL AIDS:

The following are factors which guide the choice of audio-visual aids:

1. Purpose

2. Target

3. Life span (Duration).

SOUNDS IN ENGLISH:

Basically, there are two (2) types of sound in “English language” namely:

1) Vowel sound and

2) Consonant sound

Indeed, there are twenty-six (26) Alphabets in English i. e. A-Z.

THE VOWEL SOUND:

There are five (5) alphabets that made up the vowel sound namely:

a e i o u

THE CONSONANT SOUUND:

Whereas, the remaining twenty one made up the consonant sound. These are:

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z.

Consequently, it’s from these alphabets (26) that all the sounds are created and are created hence, the sounds form words, phrases, clauses, sentences, essays, chapters and books.

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COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH/( by maigari dalhatu bagudu).in gembu town

English is destined to be in next succeeding countries more generally the language

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